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Matter in Our Surroundings Class 9 Notes Science Chapter 1

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Matter in Our Surroundings - Class 9 Notes

Topics To Be Covered:

• Introduction
• Physical Nature of Matter
•  What is Diffusion
• Characteristics of Particles of Matter
→ Particles of matter have space between them
→ Particles of matter attract each other because of force of attraction
• The States of Matter
→ Solid State
→ Liquid State
→ Gaseous State
• Change of State of Matter
• What are the Effect of Temperature
→ Latent heat
→ Latent heat of fusion
→ Latent heat of vaporisation
• Effect of change of pressure
• What is Evaporation
→ Factors affecting the rate of evaporation
→ Evaporation causes cooling
•  What is Plasma
• Bose-Einstein Condensate

INTRODUCTION-

• Matter can be defined as anything that has mass and occupies space.
• Everything around us, including solids, liquids, and gases, is made up of tiny particles called Matter.
• Matter is present in different states or forms, and it can change from one form to another based-on temperature and pressure.

PHYSICAL NATURE OF MATTER-

• Matter is made up of particles that are extremely small and cannot be seen by our naked eye.
• These particles are always in motion and have space between them.
• The behavior of these particles tells the information about the properties of solids, liquids, and gases which are the 3 states of Matter.

WHAT IS DIFFUSION-

• Diffusion can be defined as  the process of mixing of particles of two substances on their own.
• This process occurs due to the motion of particles.
• Diffusion is relatively faster in gases than in liquids and slowest in solids because gas particles move more freely.
• Ex- The smell of perfume spreads in a room due to diffusion.

CHARACTERISTIS OF PARTICLE OF MATTER-

(a) The Particles of Matter Have Space Between Them

• The space between particles allows substances to mix.
• Ex-Salt dissolves in water without increasing the water level, it shows that there is space between water particles.

(b) The Particles of Matter Attract Each Other

• Particles of matter exert a force of attraction that keeps them together.
• This force is Strongest in solids, weaker in liquids, and weakest in gases.
• Ex- It is difficult to break a piece of iron (strong attraction), while water flows easily (weaker attraction).

 STATES OF MATTER-

The Matter exists in 3 main states:

(a) Solid State

• Fixed shape and volume.
• Particles are tightly packed and vibrate in place.
• Strong intermolecular forces.
• Least compressible.
• Ex-Ice, iron, wood.

(b) Liquid State

• No fixed shape but definite volume.
• Particles are loosely packed and can move.
• Moderate intermolecular force.
• Can flow and take the shape of the container.
• Ex-Water, oil, milk.

(c) Gaseous State

• No fixed shape or volume.
• Particles move freely in all directions.
• Weakest intermolecular forces.
• Highly compressible.
• Ex-Oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide.

 

CHANGE OF STATE OF MATTER-

The Matter can be change from one state to another by changing the temperature or pressure.

EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE:

• On Increasing temperature  the kinetic energy of particles increases, making them move faster and change states.

(a) Latent Heat

• Latent heat is the hidden heat that is absorbed or released during a phase change without changing temperature.

(b) Latent Heat of Fusion

• Heat energy required to change a solid into a liquid at a fixed temperature is known as Latent Heat of Fusion.
• Ex- Ice melts at 0°C.

(c) Latent Heat of Vaporization

• Heat energy required to change a liquid into gas at a fixed temperature is known as Latent Heat of Vaporization.
• Example: Water boils at 100°C to become steam.

 

EFFECTS OF CHANGE OF PRESSURE-

• Increasing pressure can convert gas into liquid by bringing particles closer.
• Ex- LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) and CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) are stored under high pressure.
• Decreasing pressure can cause substances to expand into gases.

EVAPORATION-

• Evaporation is the process by which a liquid changes into a gas at temperatures below its boiling point.
• Ex-Water left in an open container slowly disappears due to evaporation.

THE AFFECTING  RATE OF EVAPORATION

Surface Area: More surface area → Faster evaporation.

• EX-Clothes dry faster when spread out.

Temperature: Higher temperature → Faster evaporation.

• EX-Water dries faster on a sunny day.

Humidity:  Higher humidity → Slower evaporation.

• EX- Clothes dry slowly on a rainy day.

Wind Speed:  Higher wind speed → Faster evaporation.

• EX- Clothes dry quickly in a strong breeze.

Evaporation Causes Cooling?

• Evaporation absorbs heat from the surroundings, causing a cooling effect.
• Ex-
  • Sweating cools the body.
  • Water in an earthen pot remains cool.

PLASMA-

• Plasma is the fourth state of matter.
• It consists of superheated charged particles (ions and electrons).
• Found in the sun, stars, lightning, and neon lights.

 

 

BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE-

• The fifth state of matter discovered by Bose and Einstein.
• Formed when gases are cooled to extremely low temperatures near absolute zero (-273°C).
• Atoms lose individuality and behave as a single entity.
• Ex-Used in superconductors and quantum computers.

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BY-YATENDRA KUMAR

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